Wednesday, 17 June 2015

How can the distance of the javelin throw be maximised? By Sarah King and Sarina Weyland

Introduction

A thorough understanding of the processes and biomechanical principles will assist athletes and coaches in improving the results. The javelin throw has many aspects which can affect the throwing distance. These variables are both small and large scale contributing equally to the optimal performance of the javelin throw. The following blog will analyse some factors which contribute to the optimal performance including grip, run up, release along with external factors such as equipment influences.
The video below is the optimal biomechanical performance which we aim to replicate.


  The technique in the above picture will now be broken down and discussed.

The approach:
To ensure a natural running action, the javelin is carried at head height, roughly parallel to the ground, with the arm bent and elbow pointing forward. The use of a relaxed grip, wrist, and shoulder allow the hips and shoulders to face forward as the athlete reaches optimal speed. (Stander, 2006)

Step 1 and 2:
Once optimal speed is reached; the javelin is moved over the throwing shoulder until the arm is straight, with the palm facing upward and at shoulder height. To ensure the approach speed is maintained it is important to rotate the shoulders to line up with the direction of the throw while the hips remain forward. (Stander, 2006)

Step 3:
The tip of the javelin should be raised to the height of the athletes head, with the point at ear level. The head should remain facing forward, watching in the direction of the throw. (Stander, 2006)

Step 4: the drive
This step should be long and low to the ground in preparation of the throw. The upper body leans back to allow for the pull of the throwing arm. The dominant foot should hit the ground heal first, slightly in front of the hip and shoulder. The throwing arm is fully extended with a closed wrist and upward facing palm, javelin point remains at eye level. (Stander, 2006)

Step 5:
Non-dominant leg lands straight and flat pointing forwards, weight is transferred and accelerates through the hips. The throwing arm is fully extended, and the free arm remains relaxed. This finishing position is known as the power position. (Stander, 2006)

The power position:
-        Body is arched
-        Head faces direction of throw
-        Shoulders and javelin parallel
-        High throwing hand, palm facing upward, wrist closed
-        Non dominant leg forward and straight
-        slightly bent dominant leg
-        Chin is vertically in line with right knee and toes (Stander, 2006, p.4)



The throw:
Momentum travels from the dominant leg up through the hips and shoulders due to the abrupt straightening of the non-dominant leg. The hips, chest, and shoulders rotate quickly, in a sequential motion. The throwing elbow then follows which causes the arm to be whipped over in a rapid forward motion; releasing the fingers causes the javelin to rotate ensuring stability during flight. (Stander, 2006)

Grip:

The javelin should lie in the hand in the direction of which it will be thrown with a flexible yet firm grip (along the length of palm rather than across). The hand should be at the rear of the cord with at least one finger behind the binding. The below diagram demonstrated three of the most common grips. (Stander, 2006, p.1)

Run-up:

The first phase of the javelin throw is the run up. The speed of the run up contributes greatly to the distance the javelin may travel. The given run up area ‘should be not more than 36.50m but not less than 30m and should be marked by two parallel lines 50mm in width and 4m apart.’ (Stander, 2006, p. 1)

Propulsive Impulse
Propulsive Impulse is the force that is applied to move forward and accelerate an object (Blazevich, 2012). This is important as the speed at which an object, in this case the javelin, leaves the hand of the thrower, immediately before release (release speed), will influence the distance in which it travels. From these points it can be assumed that simply increasing the speed of the run up will increase the distance the javelin may travel, however this is not always true. Through increasing the speed of the run up the technical aspects of the release may be compromised, therefore appropriate running technique must be adapted. If the thrower is landing on the heal of their foot a breaking impulse is applied to the athlete; while this will not stop the athlete it will slow the running speed. However moving the leg backward and downward applies a propulsive impulse. Ensuring the propulsive impulse is much greater than the breaking impulse will generate a faster running speed. ‘The breaking impulse is usually greater when the foot lands further in front of the body; there is a trade-off where a small breaking force is useful but a large force, generated when the foot lands well in front of the body’s centre of mass, is detrimental.’ (Blazevich, 2012, p.57) Therefore the skill que necessary when increasing the run up speed of a javelin thrower should be in relation to foot placement. The front foot must land close to the torso opposed to being stretched in front of the body; while the back leg must extend far beyond the body as it provides greater time for force application (Blazevich, 2012).



 (Blazevich, 2012, p. 57).


Newton’s third law - Ground reaction force
Newton’s third law states that, ‘for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction’ (Blazevich, 2012, p.45).


(Blazevich, 2012, p.45)

While running, we generate both vertical and horizontal force, meanwhile the ground also exerts an equal and opposite reaction (shown in the above figure) which allows the runner to accelerate forwards. (Blazevich, 2012) By applying a greater force to the ground, the force which is received back is greater, therefore providing greater acceleration. The use of a greater force is also necessary as gravity is constantly pushing downward, proving an initial force will result in longer ‘flight time’. As the sum of forces dictate acceleration, it is vital to apply a large horizontal/vertical force while running; in addition lower body mass can contribute to faster running speeds. (Blazevich, 2012)



 (Tongen & Wunderlich, n.d., p.2).

 This figure demonstrates that vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) is greater and over a shorter time span for running, compared to walking. Therefore an additional skill cue to improve the run up speed of the thrower should be to decrease ground-foot contact time and lower body mass, so long as this does not adversely affect the speed of the run up or performance of the throw.

Release

The second phase of the javelin throw is the release. The release is very technical and involves all body parts.

Projection speed
 The release speed is an important aspect and influences the distance the javelin will travel greatly. "If an object is thrown through the air, the distance it travels before hitting the ground (the range) will be a function of horizontal velocity and flight time" (Blazevich, 2010, p. 25). The release speed is a result of the biomechanical influences discussed below.
 
Push/Throw
For an object to be released or moved there are only two ways that this can happen. Option one is a push movement which "tends to extend all joints in our kinetic chain simultaneously in a single movement" (Blazevich, 2010, p. 196). Option two is a throw movement where the "joints of the kinetic chain extend sequentially" (Blazevich, 2010, p. 198). Through these explanations javelin is defined as being a throw movement more so than a push movement.

As explained previously, there are many variables which can make executing the javelin throw correctly difficult.  To overcome this pedagogical implication the skill could be broken down and taught in consecutive steps.

Centre of gravity
While throwing a javelin the athletes centre of gravity should be near the grip, this does not change throughout the throw sequence. In 1986, the javelin was redesigned with centre of gravity moved 4cm forward so it didn’t coincide with the centre of pressure (Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012). The redesigned javelin introduced cord to promote athletes to grip the centre of gravity. This is a good teaching skill to encourage an athletes grip to be near the javelin’s centre of gravity.  Kunz et al (1983) states that there is a positive relationship between velocity and the javelins centre of gravity.

Angular Velocity
“Angular Velocity is the rate of change in angle of the thrower” (Blazevich, 2012, p. 16). Using the torso and dominant arm, the thrower can increase their angular velocity to then increase the speed of release (Dearmond & Semenick, 1989). During the run up stage, the athlete’s shoulders are almost parallel to the throwing section, this provides enough rotational movement to maximise and increase their angular velocity (Navarro, 1998). The dominant arm is also pulled back to the maximum external rotation of the upper arm in the run up to create an arched position. This arched position also known as the power position is the maximum angle that can be reached to increase the rate of change for the thrower.

Angle of Release
The angle the javelin is thrown will significantly influence the distance it travels. To achieve a high velocity at the release point of the javelin, a throw-like movement pattern is necessary. The video below demonstrates the correct technique. The run-up provides momentum to the thrower which is then passed to the upper body and arms. In the final stage of the throw motion, momentum is transferred to the proximal segments of the throwing arm which allows the transfer of momentum along the arm; resulting in a high velocity of the javelin.  In combination with transfer of momentum, the use of elastic energy is important in increasing the velocity of the throw. Having the throwing arm bent to begin with allows the tendons in the arm to use their elasticity to recoil the arm into a throw-like movement at a fast pace. This throw movement uses the simultaneous joints involved to cumulate their forces and generate a high overall force which will result in a fast paced throw. These simultaneous joint rotations will also result in a straight line movement, resulting in the throw being more accurate and travel further. (Blazevich, 2012). The below video shows a mash up of many professional javelin throwers that use the optimal biomechanical performance for throwing a javelin. In this video you can see that they all have a similar angle of release.







 (Blazevich, 2010, p. 26).

If the javelin is thrown at the optimal angle of 45° as seen in the figure above, the javelin is more likely to travel a further distance. Throwing at a 45° angle provides the javelin an equal vertical and horizontal velocity which will give it the maximum range (Blazevich, 2010). As seen in the table below, as the angle increases the further the javelin flies, but it is understood that an angle greater than 45° is disadvantageous (World of Javelin, 2010).

Release Angle (°)
Distance (m)
30
63.94
65.37
58.37
31
65.08
66.49
59.45
32
66.16
67.55
60.47
33
67.18
68.55
61.44
34
68.13
69.49
62.35
35
69.02
70.36
63.22
36
69.85
71.16
64.02
37
70.61
71.9
64.77
38
71.3
72.56
65.46
39
71.91
73.15
66.09
40
72.45
73.67
66.66
41
72.91
74.11
67.16
42
73.3
74.46
67.6
Attack Angle (°)
0
5
5
Wind
No wind
No wind
2 m/s head wind
Constant: Javelin = Tailwind, Weight = 800g, No Wind, Release Velocity = 26 m/s
http://www.worldofjavelin.com/posts/biomechanics-angle-of-release/ 

Equipment

As stated above, the javelin has been redesigned and was introduced in 1986. The previous javelin design was often described as having an uncontrollable flight path often resulting in a flat land (Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012).
The javelin that was introduced in 1986 had the centre of mass moved forward by 4cm as seen in the below picture and the tip was altered to be less aerodynamic (Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012). These modifications allowed the athlete to control the flight path of the javelin more accurately and the javelin would begin to descend earlier (Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012). The javelin descending earlier will result in shorter distances being thrown, this was modified because the javelin distances were beginning to become longer than many athletic stadiums can accommodate (Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012).
(Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research, 2012)


The answer:

The javelin throw can be maximised by applying correct biomechanical technique to all aspects and stages of the throw. A thorough understanding of each of the phases of the javelin throw and their individual importance to the overall performance will assist throwers in developing there technique and performance. The ability to evaluate and change each of the phases without affecting another will result in a biomechanically correct performance. To create a great foundation for the javelin throw, the athlete must first understand the importance of speed throughout the approach phase and how to maximise their running speed. Ultimately, an increase in running speed, while maintaining all other variables, will increase the distance of the throw. The distance the javelin travels can also be maximised through understanding of the optimal release angle. Through implementing a throw-like movement pattern, the force generated throughout the run up is transferred to the javelin (transfer of momentum) which maximises the velocity of the throw. The optimal release angle of the javelin is understood to be 45°, as this provides equal vertical and horizontal velocity, resulting in the maximum range (Blazevich, 2012). Athletes also need to understand the biomechanical reasoning behind this optimal release angle and disadvantages associated with greater angles.

How can we use this?

Through understanding the biomechanical principals of a given sport or sports skill, both coaches and athlete can develop and constantly analyse the best technique which is biomechanically possible for the athlete. The biomechanical principals utilised in a particular sport are often transferable to a number of others. Biomechanical understanding of the Javelin throw is transferable to many other athletic events and sports which implement projectile motion. The basic principles used to maximise the distance of the javelin throw apply to many other throwing events such as discuss and shotput. The speed at which an object is released will determine the distance in which it will travel, not only in javelin but shotput and discuss also. Similarly the optimal release angle of less than 45° in the javelin throw is also relevant to other throwing events as it ensures equal vertical and horizontal velocity; giving the maximum range to the object. Biomechanical understanding of the run up phase of the javelin throw is also transferable to many other sports, for example the cricket run up/bowling action. Athletes who have a thorough biomechanical understanding within their chosen sport will possess greater skills within the given sport and have the ability to further enhance their performance.


References

Blazevich, A. (2010). Sports biomechanics, the basics: Optimising human performance. A&C Black

Blazevich, A. J. (2012). Sports biomechanics: the basics: optimising human performance. A&C Black.

Dearmond, R. and Semenick, D. (1989). SPORTS PERFORMANCE SERIES: The javelin throw: a kinesiological analysis with recommendations for strength and conditioning programming. National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal, 11(2), p.4.

Engineering Sport: The Centre for Sports Engineering Research,. (2012). The Story of the Javelin- Bringing it Back Down to Earth. Retrieved 16 June 2015, from http://engineeringsport.co.uk/2012/09/21/the-story-of-the-javelin-bringing-it-back-down-to-earth/

Javelin, J. (2010). Biomechanics: Angle of release | World of Javelin. Worldofjavelin.com. Retrieved 16 June 2015, from http://www.worldofjavelin.com/posts/biomechanics-angle-of-release/

Navarro, e., Cabrero, o., VizcaĆ­no, f., & Vera, p. (1998). A three-dimensional analysis of the angular velocities of segments in javelin throwing. In isbs-conference proceedings archive (vol. 1, no. 1).

Stander. R. (2006) Javelin Throw, Athletics Omnibus, Boland Athletics, Athletics South Africa, Houghton. Retrieved 16 June 2015, from www.bolandathletics.com/5-13 Javelin Throw.pdf

The Conversation,. (2014). Science of the spear: biomechanics of a javelin throw. Retrieved 16 June 2015, from http://theconversation.com/science-of-the-spear-biomechanics-of-a-javelin-throw-29782

Tongen, A. and Wunderlich, R. (N.D). Biomechanics of Running and Walking.  Retrieved 18 June 2015, from http://www.mathaware.org/mam/2010/essays/TongenWunderlichRunWalk.pdf 

Vallela, R. (2012). Biomechanics in Javelin Thrower (1st ed.). Finland: Kihu - Research Institute for Olympic Sports. Retrieved 16 June, from http://www.kihu.fi/tuotostiedostot/julkinen/2012_val_biomechani_sel72_42228.pdf